Keywords
intergenerational continuity
theory
theoretical framework
conceptual framework
How to Cite
Abstract
Objectives: Child maltreatment is a serious problem worldwide associated with numerous developmental and psychological problems that can impede children’s short and long-term functioning. The negative effects of maltreatment may put children on a trajectory where they are likely to experience later abuse and even abuse their own children. While studies have focused primarily on the intergenerational transmission of maltreatment (victim-to-perpetrator cycles), there are studies, albeit fewer, documenting cycles of intergenerational continuity of maltreatment (victim-to-victim cycles; e.g., child sexual abuse). Clear theoretical frameworks are lacking from studies on intergenerational maltreatment. This review aimed to systematically identify theories, theoretical or conceptual frameworks that have been used to explain the victim-to-victim cycles of maltreatment.
Methods: Searches were executed in PsychINFO, Medline, and Scopus. Fifteen papers were included in this review.
Results: The most common theories used to explain the intergenerational continuity of maltreatment victimization were attachment theory and traumatic stress models. Other identified theories include those from social, developmental, and biological domains. Notably, there were only five papers on the intergenerational continuity of child sexual abuse, highlighting a lack of focus on the theoretical explanations of this issue. Based on the findings, a unified model of victim-to-victim cycles of maltreatment is proposed to guide future studies.
Implications: Future research in this area could include testing and comparing theoretical explanations and advancing the current state of the literature by using qualitative and mixed methods.
References
* References marked with an asterisk indicate studies included in the scoping review
Adams, J., Mrug, S., & Knight, D. C. (2018). Characteristics of child physical and sexual abuse as predictors of psychopathology. Child Abuse & Neglect, 86, 167-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.09.019
Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the Strange Situation. Lawrence Erlbaum.
*Alexander, P. C. (2015). Intergenerational cycles of trauma and violence: An attachment and family systems perspective. WW Norton & Company.
*Alink, L. R. A., Cyr, C., & Madigan, S. (2019). The effect of maltreatment experiences on maltreating and dysfunctional parenting: A search for mechanisms. Development and Psychopathology, 31(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579418001517
Allegrini, A. G., Evans, B. E., de, R. S., Greaves-Lord, K., & Huizink, A. C. (2019). Gene × Environment contributions to autonomic stress reactivity in youth. Development and Psychopathology, 31(1), 293-307. https://doi.org/10.1017/S095457941700181X
Alvergne, A., Faurie, C., & Raymond, M. (2008). Developmental plasticity of human reproductive development: Effects of early family environment in modern-day France. Physiology & Behavior, 95(5), 625-632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.09.005
Arksey, H., & O'Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework. International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(1), 19-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364557032000119616
Babcock, R. L., & DePrince, A. P. (2013). Factors contributing to ongoing intimate partner abuse: Childhood betrayal trauma and dependence on one's perpetrator. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 28(7), 1385-1402. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260512468248
Bailey, H. N., DeOliveira, C. A., Wolfe, V. V., Evans, E. M., & Hartwick, C. (2012). The impact of childhood maltreatment history on parenting: A comparison of maltreatment types and assessment methods. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36(3), 236-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.11.005
Banyard, V. L. (1997). The impact of childhood sexual abuse and family functioning on four dimensions of women's later parenting. Child Abuse & Neglect, 21(11), 1095-1107. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2134(97)00068-9
*Baril, K., & Tourigny, M. (2015). Le cycle intergénérationnel de la victimisation sexuelle dans l'enfance: Modèle explicatif base sur la théorie du trauma. Carnet de notes sur les maltraitances infantiles, 4(1), 28-63. https://doi.org/10.3917/cnmi.151.0028
Barrett, B. (2009). The impact of childhood sexual abuse and other forms of childhood adversity on adulthood parenting. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 18(5), 489-512. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538710903182628
Barrett, B. (2010). Childhood sexual abuse and adulthood parenting: The mediating role of intimate partner violence. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 19(3), 323-346. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771003705205
Belsky, J. (1980). Child maltreatment: An ecological integration. The American Psychologist, 35(4), 320-335. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.35.4.320
*Bennett, C. (1992). The incest cycle across generations. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, 28(4), 19-23. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6163.1992.tb00388.x
Berlin, L. J., Appleyard, K., & Dodge, K. A. (2011). Intergenerational continuity in child maltreatment: Mediating mechanisms and implications for prevention. Child Development, 82(1), 162-176. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01547.x
Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. Jason Aronson.
Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and loss. Vol. 1. Attachment (2nd edition). Basic Books.
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press.
*Chu, A., & DePrince, A. P. (2006). Development of dissociation: Examining the relationship between parenting, maternal trauma, and child dissociation. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 7(4), 75-89. https://doi.org/10.1300/J229v07n04_05
*Cicchetti, D., & Rizley, R. (1981). Developmental perspectives on the etiology, intergenerational transmission, and sequelae of child maltreatment. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 1981(11), 31-55. https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.23219811104
Cicchetti, D., Rogosch, F. A., & Toth, S. L. (2006). Fostering secure attachment in infants in maltreating families through preventive interventions. Development and Psychopathology, 18(3), 623-649. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579406060329
Cloitre, M., Cohen, L. R., & Koenen, K. C. (2011). Attachment: When protector and perpetrator are one. In M. Cloitre, L. R. Cohen, & K. C. Koenen (Eds.), Treating survivors of childhood abuse: Psychotherapy for the interrupted life (pp. 13-20). Guilford Press.
Cohen, T. (1995). Motherhood among incest survivors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19(12), 1423-1429. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(96)80760-5
Colonnesi, C., Draijer, E. M., Stams, G. J. J. M., Van der Bruggen, C. O., Bögels, S. M., & Noom, M. J. (2011). The relation between insecure attachment and child anxiety: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 40(4), 630-645. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2011.581623
Conger, R. D., Schofield, T. J., Neppl, T. K., & Merrick, M. T. (2013). Disrupting intergenerational continuity in harsh and abusive parenting: The importance of a nurturing relationship with a romantic partner. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(4), S11-S17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.03.014
Courtenay, E. C., Bianca, H., Catherine, C. C., Oxana, P., Cheryl, K., & David, S. (2015). Experiences of mothers who are child sexual abuse survivors: A qualitative exploration. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 24(5), 506-525. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2015.1042186
*Courtois, C. A., & Ford, J. D. (2009). Treating complex traumatic stress disorders: An evidence-based guide. Guilford Press.
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.
Currie, J., & Spatz Widom, C. (2010). Long-term consequences of child abuse and neglect on adult economic well-being. Child Maltreatment, 15(2), 111-120. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559509355316
Crittenden, P. M. (1981). Abusing, neglecting, problematic, and adequate dyads: Differentiating by patterns of interaction. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly of Behavior and Development, 27(3), 201-218. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23083982
Crittenden, P. M., & Ainsworth, M. D. (1989). Child maltreatment and attachment theory. Cambridge University Press.
Cyr, C., Euser, E. M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., & van Ijzendoorn, M. H. (2010). Attachment security and disorganization in maltreating and high-risk families: A series of meta-analyses. Development and Psychopathology, 22(1), 87-108. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579409990289
Cyr, M., McDuff, P., & Hébert, M. (2013). Support and profiles of nonoffending mothers of sexually abused children. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 22(2), 209-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2013.737444
*De Bellis, M. (2001). Developmental traumatology: The psychobiological development of maltreated children and its implications for research, treatment, and policy. Development and Psychopathology, 13(3), 539-564. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579401003078
DiLillo, D., & Damashek, A. (2003). Parenting characteristics of women reporting a history of childhood sexual abuse. Child Maltreatment, 8(4), 319-333. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559503257104
Dixon, L., Browne, K., & Hamilton-Giachritsis, C. (2009). Patterns of risk and protective factors in the intergenerational cycle of maltreatment. Journal of Family Violence, 24(2), 111-122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-008-9215-2
Downing, J., & Bellis, M. A. (2009). Early pubertal onset and its relationship with sexual risk taking, substance use, and anti-social behaviour: A preliminary cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 9(1), Article 446. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-446
Egeland, B., Jacobvitz, D., & Sroufe, L. A. (1988). Breaking the cycle of abuse. Child Development, 59(4), 1080-1088. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1988.tb03260.x
Ertem, I. O., Leventhal, J. M., & Dobbs, S. (2000). Intergenerational continuity of child physical abuse: How good is the evidence? The Lancet, 356(9232), 814-819. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02656-8
Famularo, R., Fenton, T., Kinscherff, R., & Ayoub, C. (1994). Maternal and child posttraumatic stress disorder in cases of child maltreatment. Child Abuse and Neglect, 18(1), 27-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(94)90093-0
Famularo, R., Kinscherff, R., & Fenton, T. (1992). Psychiatric diagnoses of abusive mothers. A preliminary report. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180(10), 658-661. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199210000-00008
Fearon, R. P., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Lapsley, A-M., & Roisman, G. I. (2010). The significance of insecure attachment and disorganization in the development of children's externalizing behavior: A meta-analytic study. Child Development, 81(2), 435-456. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01405.x
Fergusson, D. M., McLeod, G. F. H., & Horwood, L. J. (2013). Childhood sexual abuse and adult developmental outcomes: Findings from a 30-year longitudinal study in New Zealand. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37(9), 664-674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.03.013
Fisher, H. L., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Wertz, J., Gray, R., Newbury, J., Ambler, A., Zavos, H., Danese, A., Mill, J., Odgers, C. L., Pariante, C., Wong, C. C. Y., & Arseneault, L. (2015). Measuring adolescents' exposure to victimization: The environmental risk (e-risk) longitudinal twin study. Development and Psychopathology, 27(4), 1399-1416. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579415000838
Fong, H. F., Bennett, C. E., Mondestin, V., Scribano, P. V., Mollen, C., & Wood, J. N. (2020). The impact of child sexual abuse discovery on caregivers and families: A qualitative study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 35(21-22), 4189-4215. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517714437
Fraiberg, S. (1975). The development of human attachments in infants blind from birth. Merrill Palmer Quarterly of Behavior and Development, 21(4), 315-334. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23083880
Freyd, J. J. (1996). Betrayal trauma: The logic of forgetting childhood abuse. Harvard University Press.
Gardner, M. J., Thomas, H. J., & Erskine, H. E. (2019). The association between five forms of child maltreatment and depressive and anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 96, Article 104082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104082
*Geiger, J. M., Schelbe, L., Hayes, M. J., Kawam, E., Katz, C. C., & Klika, J. B. (2015). Intergenerational transmission of maltreatment: Ending a family tradition. In S. Miyamoto (Ed), Advances in child abuse prevention knowledge (pp. 67-91). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16327-7_4
Glaser, D. (2000). Child abuse and neglect and the brain - A review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41(1), 97-116. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-7610.00551
Godbout, N., Briere, J., Sabourin S., & Lussier, Y. (2014). Child sexual abuse and subsequent relational and personal functioning: The role of parental support. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(2), 317-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.10.001
*Greenspun, W. S. (1994). Internal and interpersonal: The family transmission of father-daughter incest. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 3(2), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1300/J070v03n02_01
Grunsfeld, S. (2018). The role of maternal risk factors in the intergenerational transmission of child sexual abuse from the longitudinal studies of child abuse and neglect (Longscan). [Doctoral dissertation, Fielding Graduate University.]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. https://www.proquest.com/docview/2092659863?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true
Hailes, H. P., Yu, R., Danese, A., & Fazel, S. (2019). Long-term outcomes of childhood sexual abuse: An umbrella review. The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(10), 830-839. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(19)30286-X
Hébert, M., Langevin, R., Guidi, E., Bernard-Bonnin, A. C., & Allard-Dansereau, C. (2017). Sleep problems and dissociation in preschool victims of sexual abuse. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 18(4), 507-521. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2016.1240739
Herman, J. (1981). Father-daughter incest. Professional Psychology, 12(1), 76-80. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.12.1.76
Hugill, M., Berry, K., & Fletcher, I. (2017). The association between historical childhood sexual abuse and later parenting stress: A systematic review. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 20(2), 257-271. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-016-0708-3
Imenda, S. (2014). Is there a conceptual difference between theoretical and conceptual frameworks? Journal of Social Sciences, 38(2), 185-195. https://doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2014.11893249
Jaffee, S. R., Bowes, L., Ouellet-Morin, I., Fisher, H. L., Moffitt, T. E., Merrick, M. T., & Arseneault, L. (2013). Safe, stable, nurturing relationships break the intergenerational cycle of abuse: A prospective nationally representative cohort of children in the United Kingdom. The Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(4), S4-S10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.04.007
Kaufman, J., & Zigler, E. (1987). Do abused children become abusive parents? American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57(2), 186-192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1987.tb03528.x
Keil, V., & Price, J. M. (2009). Social information-processing patterns of maltreated children in two social domains. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30(1), 43-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2008.10.003
Kendler, K. S., & Baker, J. H. (2007). Genetic influences on measures of the environment: A systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 37(5), 615-626. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291706009524
Kerr, M. (1988). Family evaluation: An approach based on Bowen theory. W W Norton & Co.
Kim, K., Noll, J. G., Putnam, F. W., & Trickett, P. K. (2007). Psychosocial characteristics of non offending mothers of sexually abused girls: Findings from a prospective, multigenerational study. Child Maltreatment, 12(4), 338-351. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559507305997
Lange, B. C. L., Condon, E. M., & Gardner, F. (2020). Parenting among mothers who experienced child sexual abuse: A qualitative systematic review. Qualitative Health Research, 30(1), 146-161. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732319882914
Langevin, R., Marshall, C., & Kingsland, E. (2019). Intergenerational cycles of maltreatment: A scoping review of psychosocial risk and protective factors. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 22(4), 672-688. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838019870917
Leifer, M., Kilbane, T., & Kalick, S. (2004). Vulnerability or resilience to intergenerational sexual abuse: The role of maternal factors. Child Maltreatment, 9(1), 78-91. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559503261181
*Levendosky, A. A., Lannert, B., & Yalch, M. (2012). The effects of intimate partner violence on women and child survivors: An attachment perspective. Psychodynamic Psychiatry, 40(3), 397-433. https://doi.org/10.1521/pdps.2012.40.3.397
Levendosky, A. A., Leahy, K. L., Bogat, G. A., Davidson, W. S., & von, E. A. (2006). Domestic violence, maternal parenting, maternal mental health, and infant externalizing behavior. Journal of Family Psychology, 20(4), 544-552. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.20.4.544
Lovejoy, M. C., Graczyk, P. A., O'Hare, E., & Neuman, G. (2000). Maternal depression and parenting behavior: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 20(5), 561-592. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-7358(98)00100-7
Madigan, S., Wade, M., Plamondon, A., & Jenkins, J. (2015). Maternal abuse history, postpartum depression, and parenting: Links with preschoolers' internalizing problems. Infant Mental Health Journal, 36(2), 146-155. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21496
Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1990). Procedures for identifying infants as disorganized/disoriented during the Ainsworth Strange Situation. In M. T. Greenberg, D. Cicchetti & E. M. Cummings (Eds.), Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention (1st ed., pp. 121-160). The University of Chicago Press.
*Maker, A. H. & Buttenheim, M. (2000). Parenting difficulties in sexual-abuse survivors: A theoretical framework with dual psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioral strategies for intervention. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 37(2), 159-170. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087796
Maniglio, R. (2009). The impact of child sexual abuse on health: A systematic review of reviews. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(7), 647-657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2009.08.003
McCloskey, L. A., & Bailey, J. A. (2000). The intergenerational transmission of risk for child sexual abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15, 1019-1035. https://doi.org/10.1177/088626000015010001
Meng, X., Fleury, M. J., Xiang, Y. T., Li, M., & D'Arcy, C. (2018). Resilience and protective factors among people with a history of child maltreatment: A systematic review. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 53(5), 453-475. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-018-1485-2
Messman-Moore, T. L. & Bhuptani, P. H. (2017). A review of the long-term impact of child maltreatment on posttraumatic stress disorder and its comorbidities: An emotion dysregulation perspective. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 24(2), 154-169. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12193
*Morton, N., & Browne, K. D. (1998). Theory and observation of attachment and its relation to child maltreatment: A review. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22(11), 1093-1104. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00088-X
Muzik, M., Bocknek, E. L., Broderick, A., Richardson, P., Rosenblum, K. L., Thelen, K., & Seng, J. S. (2013). Mother-infant bonding impairment across the first 6 months postpartum: The primacy of psychopathology in women with childhood abuse and neglect histories. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 16(1), 29-38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-012-0312-0
Muzik, M., McGinnis, E. W., Bocknek, E., Morelen, D., Rosenblum, K. L., Liberzon, I., Seng, J., & Abelson, J. L. (2016). PTSD symptoms across pregnancy and early postpartum among women with lifetime PTSD diagnosis. Depression and Anxiety, 33(7), 584-591. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22465
Ney, P. G. (1988). Triangles of abuse: A model of maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 12(3), 363-373. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(88)90049-X
Nichols, M. P., & Davis, S. D. (2017). Family therapy: Concepts and methods (11th ed.). Pearson.
Normann, C., & Buttenschøn, H. N. (2020). Gene-environment interactions between HPA-axis genes and childhood maltreatment in depression: A systematic review. Acta Neuropsychiatrica, 32(3), 111-121. https://doi.org/10.1017/neu.2020.1
Ouzzani, M., Hammady, H., Fedorowicz, Z., & Elmagarmid, A. (2016). Rayyan - a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews, 5(1), Article 210. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4
Papalia, N., Ogloff, J. R. P., & Mann, E. (2020). Child sexual abuse and risk of revictimization: Impact of child demographics, sexual abuse characteristics, and psychiatric disorders. Child Maltreatment, 26(1), 74-86. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559520932665
Pittner, K., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Alink, L. R. A., Buisman, R. S. M., van den Berg, L. J. M., Block, L. H. C. G. C. C. de, Voorthuis, A., Elzinga, B. M., Lindenberg, J., Tollenaar, M. S., Linting, M., Diego, V. P., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2020). Estimating the heritability of experiencing child maltreatment in an extended family design. Child Maltreatment, 25(3), 289-299. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559519888587
Putnam, F. W. (1997). Dissociation in children and adolescents: A developmental perspective. Guilford Press.
Pynoos, R. S., Steinberg, A. M., & Wraith, R. (1995). A developmental model of childhood traumatic stress. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology, Vol. 2. Risk, disorder, and adaptation (pp. 72-95). John Wiley & Sons.
Reijman, S., Alink, L. R. A., Compier-de Block, L. H. C. G., Werner, C. D., Maras, A., Rijnberk, C., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2015). Salivary α-amylase reactivity to infant crying in maltreating mothers. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 46(4), 589-599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-014-0499-6
Reijman, S., Alink, L. R. A., Compier-De Block, L. H. C. G., Werner, C. D., Maras, A., Rijnberk, C., van Ijzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2017). Attachment representations and autonomic regulation in maltreating and non-maltreating mothers. Development and Psychopathology, 29(3), 1075-1087. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579416001036
Reijman, S., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Hiraoka, R., Crouch, J. L., Milner, J. S., Alink, L. R. A., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2016). Baseline functioning and stress reactivity in maltreating parents and at-risk adults: Review and meta-analyses of autonomic nervous system studies. Child Maltreatment, 21(4), 327-342. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559516659937
Sadler, L. S., Slade, A., Close, N., Webb, D. L., Simpson, T., Fennie, K., & Mayes, L. C. (2013). Minding the baby: Enhancing reflectiveness to improve early health and relationship outcomes in an interdisciplinary home-visiting program: Minding the baby. Infant Mental Health Journal, 34(5), 391-405. https://doi.org/10.1002/imhj.21406
Schelbe, L., & Geiger, J. M. (2017). Theoretical Frameworks Conceptualizing Intergenerational Transmission of Child Maltreatment. In L. Schelbe & J. M. Geiger (Eds), Intergenerational Transmission of Child Maltreatment (pp. 15-24). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-43824-5_2
Seltzer, W. J., & Seltzer, M. R. (1983). Material, myth, and magic: A cultural approach to family therapy. Family Process, 22(1), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1983.00003.x
*Sperlich, M., Seng, J., Rowe, H., Fisher, J., Cuthbert, C., & Taylor, J. (2017). A cycles-breaking framework to disrupt intergenerational patterns of maltreatment and vulnerability during the childbearing year, Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 46(3), 378-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jogn.2016.11.017
Sucharew, H., & Macaluso, M. (2019). Progress notes: Methods for research evidence synthesis: The scoping review approach. Journal of Hospital Medicine, 14(7), 416-418. https://doi.org/10.12788/jhm.3248
Testa, M., Hoffman, J. H., & Livingston, J. A. (2011). Intergenerational transmission of sexual victimization vulnerability as mediated via parenting. Child Abuse & Neglect, 35(5), 363-371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.01.010
Tomsich, E. A. (2015). Cycle of violence. In Jennings, W. G. (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Crime and Punishment (1st ed. pp. 1-5). John Wiley & Sons. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118519639.wbecpx271
Trickett, P. K., Noll, J. G., & Putnam, F. W. (2011). The impact of sexual abuse on female development: Lessons from a multigenerational, longitudinal research study. Development and Psychopathology, 23(2), 453-476. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579411000174
*Tuohy, A. L. (1987). Psychoanalytic perspectives on child abuse. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 4(1), 25-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00757867
van IJzendoorn, M. H. & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2019). Bridges across the intergenerational transmission of attachment gap. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 31-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.02.014
van IJzendoorn, M. H., Schuengel, C., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (1999). Disorganized attachment in early childhood: Meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants, and sequelae. Development and Psychopathology, 11(2), 225-249. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579499002035
Wark, J., & Vis, J. A. (2018). Effects of child sexual abuse on the parenting of male survivors. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 19(5), 499-511. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016673600
Yoon, S., Maguire-Jack, K., Knox, J., & Ploss, A. (2020). Socio-ecological predictors of resilience development over time among youth with a history of maltreatment. Child Maltreatment, 26(2), 162-171. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559520981151
Zvara, B. J., Meltzer‐Brody, S., Mills‐Koonce, W. R., Cox, M., & Family Life Project Key Investigators. (2017). Maternal childhood sexual trauma and early parenting: Prenatal and postnatal associations. Infant and Child Development, 26(3), Article e1991. https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.1991
Zvara, B. J., Mills-Koonce, W. R., Carmody, K. A., Cox, M., & Family Life Project Key Investigators. (2015). Childhood sexual trauma and subsequent parenting beliefs and behaviors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 44, 87-97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.01.012